Condenser Design Calculation Pdf Printer

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.The Spray Condenser. The coolant is sprayed, using nozzles, into a vessel to which the vapor is supplied. This is shown schematically in. It is important that the spray nozzles and vessel are designed to produce a fine spray of liquid (to give a large interfacial area for heat transfer), and a long enough residence time of liquid droplets in the vessel.The Baffled Column. This is similar to the spray condenser, except that the coolant is directed to flow over a series of trays in a column (see ). The vapor is supplied to the bottom of the column. It has the advantage of countercurrent flow of vapor and coolant, though care must be taken to avoid flooding.

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(Flooding is an unstable condition when the vapor flow is such that the downward flow of condensate is interrupted and held up.).The Packed Column. A packed column may consist of tightly-packed metal rings to increase the interfacial area for heat transfer. Liquid is supplied to the top of the column and vapor is supplied to the bottom. The disadvantage of this type of condenser is that the pressure drop is higher than in other types of direct-contact condenser.The Jet Condenser. This is a device in which a jet of liquid is directed into a vapor stream, usually with the objective of desuperheating the vapor. A jet of liquid is injected into a pipeline carrying vapor via a small bore pipe and a nozzle located at the center line.

The liquid is usually injected in counterflow to the vapor.The Sparge Pipe. The sparge pipe consists of a pipe with holes for injecting bubbles of vapor into a pool of liquid. This is a simple method of condensing a vapor, but there are practical problems associated with generating a good distribution of bubbles of small size, which are required for efficient heat transfer. Crossflow shell-side condenserThe crossflow condenser is similar to the surface condenser. It consists of a shell containing tubes through which the coolant flows. The shell-side flow path is designed such that the vapor flows mainly in crossflow direction to the tubes. The crossflow condenser is typically used for low-pressure applications, in which there is a large volume flow of vapor and a low-pressure drop is required.The tubes are supported at intervals by plates to prevent sagging of the tubes and to avoid vibration.The vapor enters at the top of the shell.

Design

Often, more than one nozzle is used to minimise pressure loss and promote good distribution.It is particularly important to ensure that the crossflow condenser is properly vented. Tube-side condensersCondensation on the tube-side is preferred when the coolant is a gas, such as air. It may also be preferred if the condensing fluid is at a higher pressure than the coolant, since it is usually less expensive to contain a higher pressure inside tubes than inside a shell. An air-cooled condenser is typical of a tube-side condenser. It consists of a tube bundle, normally with finned tubes, over which air flows in crossflow. The air flow is driven by fans, either in forced- or induced-draft mode.

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A typical forced-draft, air-cooled condenser is depicted in. Area calculation.In condensation of a single pure vapor, provided that the pressure drop is small compared to the absolute pressure, the temperature of the condensing stream is a constant value determined by the saturation pressure.If the coolant is single-phase, and if the overall heat transfer coefficient is reasonably constant, then the assumptions underlying the “logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD)” are valid. (See.) This means that the surface area requirement, A, of the condenser can be determined from. Where Q T is the total heat load and U is the mean overall heat transfer coefficient.In condensation from mixtures, with or without a noncondensing gas, the variation of the equilibrium temperature with enthalpy can be highly nonlinear. Also, the heat transfer coefficient of the condensing stream can vary by an order of magnitude over the condensing path.

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This means that it is not possible to assign a single representative temperature difference and overall heat transfer coefficient to the exchanger, and that a zonal or stepwise calculation of the surface area is required.The thermal design of condenser is therefore considerably more complicated than that of a single-phase heat exchanger.shows a typical temperature/enthalpy relationship for a mixture which is superheated at entry. This relationship, and the corresponding physical properties, are normally obtained from specialist computer programs which perform vapor-liquid equilibrium calculations and determine the compositions of the vapor and liquid phases along the condensing path.

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